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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク History of the New York City Bar Association ： ウィキペディア英語版 History of the New York City Bar Association The New York City Bar Association (formerly the Association of the Bar of the City of New York) was founded in 1870 as a voluntary professional organization for lawyers in New York City. It is the country’s oldest bar association, and with over 24,000 members, continues to be one of its largest and most influential. ==Origins== In the years following the end of the Civil War, the reputation of New York’s legal profession was in decline. The New York state constitutional convention of 1846 had eliminated all property qualifications and significantly lowered educational requirements for admission to the bar, and had changed the state’s system of choosing judges from an appointive to an elective one. By the 1860s in many districts restrictions on practicing law were minimal, and judges were too fearful of a popular electoral backlash to raise them significantly, resulting in a glut of under-qualified lawyers in the city’s courts.〔George Martin, ''Causes and Conflicts: The Centennial History of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York. New York'', NY: Fordham University Press, 1997, p. 32〕 In addition, the profession was marred by a series of high-profile scandals and allegations of corruption linking prominent New York lawyers to the politicians of Tammany Hall and the questionable business practices of powerful industrialists. The Erie War, a two-year legal struggle over control of the Erie Railroad between shipping magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt and Erie board members Daniel Drew, Jay Gould, and Jim Fisk, was one of the most notorious incidents. The court battle implicated some of New York’s leading lawyers and judges in widely criticized instances of corruption, vote buying, and obstructionist legal tactics. Respected lawyers retained by both parties—including Charles O'Conor and the noted legal reformer David Dudley Field—manipulated a confusing code of civil procedure to delay litigation and worked to appoint friends and political allies as receivers of valuable railroad stock, while other lawyers openly lobbied to bribe the New York State Legislature on their clients’ behalf.〔Martin, ''Causes'', p. 6, 31〕 New York judge George C. Barnard, before whom many of the arguments were heard, and who was a known associate of the infamous William “Boss” Tweed, was later impeached on corruption charges in part for rulings made during the case. The spectacle was the catalyst for widespread calls to regulate the legal profession. Charles Francis Adams, Jr., lawyer and grandson of John Quincy Adams, criticized the affair in the ''American Law Review'' as an “extraordinary perversion of the process of law,” 〔Martin, p. 9〕 and ''The New York Times'' called for a legal professional organization similar to those that already existed in London and Liverpool. “Such an organization is sadly needed in this City,” the ''Times'' editorialized on June 20, 1869, “and if the respectable members consult their professional interests and expectations they will form one at an early date.” 〔Martin, p. 12〕 In December 1869, prominent lawyers began circulating a “call for organization” of the legal profession in order to “sustain the profession in its proper position in the community, and…enable it to serve the public.” 〔Martin, p. 15〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of the New York City Bar Association」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.